Marked language variations and their usage in the current Hanoi rural dialect (a case study at Co Loa and Xuan Canh, Dong Anh, Hanoi)

Abstract

    The paper is the result of a case study in using marked variations and unmarked variations in Co Loa and Xuan Canh, Dong Anh, Hanoi. There are two variations of each chosen variables in the speech of these communities: unmarked variation/ marked variation. Marked variations are local, and unmarked variations are popular variations in Hanoi. The frequency of  those variations suggests that they are in clash with the scope of usage. Beside, the results indicate marked variations are not only locally marked variations but also socially marked variations.