IoT-Enabled hydrometeorological monitoring networks: architecture, performance assessment and implementation challenges in Viet Nam

Tóm tắt

Climate change, the rising frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, and sustainable development imperatives have created an urgent need to modernize meteorological and hydrological (MH) monitoring systems. Traditional monitoring networks in Viet Nam and many developing countries still face constraints in station density, data transmission latency, scalability, and operational costs. The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a breakthrough solution owing to its ability to connect distributed sensors, enable real-time data processing, and integrate artificial intelligence. This paper investigates the application of IoT in MH monitoring networks, focusing on system architecture analysis, technical performance evaluation, and identification of implementation challenges within the context of implementing Resolution 57-NQ/TW of the Party Central Committee on breakthroughs in science, technology, innovation, and national digital transformation. The study employs a systematic literature review and network simulation based on empirical data from pilot stations in Viet Nam. The results propose an optimized layered IoT architecture for MH monitoring, integrating multi-parameter sensors, LPWAN communication protocols (LoRaWAN/NB-IoT), edge computing, and cloud platforms supporting digital twin modeling. The study also identifies challenges related to protocol standardization, data security, operational sustainability in remote areas, inter-sectoral data sharing mechanisms, and digital workforce capacity. The paper concludes that integrating IoT into MH monitoring networks is not merely a technical upgrade but a strategic driver for implementing Resolution 57-NQ/TW, promoting digital transformation in the natural resources and environment sector, and enhancing forecasting capacity, early warning systems, and climate change adaptation decision-making. Key policy, technical, and institutional recommendations are proposed to guide synchronized, secure, and sustainable implementation in Viet Nam.