RESEARCH ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS OF A GASOLINE ENGINE RUNNING ON AMMONIA-GASOLINE DUAL FUEL

Abstract

This paper presents simulation results on the technical performance and emissions of the 1NZ-FE
gasoline engine used in the Toyota Vios, operating with ammonia-gasoline dual fuels, conducted using
GT-Suite software. Ammonia (NH₃) was directly injected into each cylinder through injectors, replacing
gasoline at energy-based ratios of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The simulation results indicate that engine
power increased slightly when NH₃ was used across different speed modes. Additionally, CO₂ emissions
decreased in all modes, with reductions of 5.42%; 10.81%; and 16.15% at 6000rpm corresponding to
increasing NH₃ ratios. Similarly, NOₓ emissions decreased at high-speed modes, with maximum
reductions of 6.21%; 12.28%; and 18.2% observed at 6000rpm as the NH₃ ratio increased.