PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION IN THE CONTEXT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPMENT: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL EXPERIENCES AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIETNAM

Abstract

In the context of the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), the protection of personal data is no longer merely an issue of protecting the traditional right to privacy; rather, it is evolving into a structural legal challenge closely linked to the risk governance of technological systems. This article analyzes representative legal frameworks on personal data protection in several countries and regions, thereby highlighting the shift from a consent-based rights protection model to a risk-based governance model, characterized by core principles such as transparency, accountability, and algorithmic oversight. Based on a comparative legal approach combined with policy analysis, the study not only assesses the compatibility of Vietnam’s legal system with international standards but also identifies the gap between legal norms and enforcement capacity in the context of AI technologies. On that basis, the article proposes several reform orientations, focusing on the establishment of structural governance mechanisms for data and AI systems, thereby contributing to enhancing the effectiveness of personal data protection in Vietnam in the digital era.