Diplomatic and trade relations between Champa and China during the 14th and 15th centuries

Abstract

 The relations between Champa and China have been recognized as one of the essential and meaningful historical interactions for both the historical development of Champa and the history of trade and diplomatic relations of Chinese dynasties. With the position of a maritime realm and an East-West trading centre, Champa kingdoms were always proactive and sensitive in establishing, maintaining and developing close relationships with Chinese imperial dynasties. They engaged deeply with China's tributary trade network and exploited the commercial and political advantages offered by this system. Besides, under political and military pressure from Dai Viet, Champa constantly sought Chinese diplomatic and political patronage to prevent or limit pressure from the northern neighbour. They also regularly took the initiative in coordinating with northern armies in attacking Dai Viet territory. Champa demonstrated as a faithful vassal to China, even asking to incorporate its territory into the northern empire. Thus, Chamoa can be considered a typical vassal state in the "Chinese World Order”. The study of diplomatic, commercial, and other aspects of Champa-Chinese relations is meaningful to both parties. It sheds light on many theoretical issues of traditional diplomacy and international trade in ancient and medieval Asia. This paper examines the diplomatic and trade relations of Champa with Ming China between the 14th and 15th centuries in the context of the tributary trading system that was established by China.