Journal of European and Americas Studies
Journal of Institute for European and Americas studies, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences
The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Teaching Capacity of Social Science and Humanities Lecturers at Military Academies and Officer Colleges
Digital transformation is an inevitable trend, profoundly impacting the teaching capacity of social science and humanities lecturers in military academies and officer colleges. This article analyzes some theoretical issues and the current impact of digital transformation on teaching capacity, highlighting the opportunities and challenges. Based on this, it proposes several solutions to enhance the teaching capacity of social science and humanities lecturers in military academies and officer colleges in the context of current digital transformation.
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Model under Wyoming Law: Experiences for Vietnam
In the context of the rapid development of blockchain technology and the digital economy, a new form of business model has emerged. The Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) has arisen as a novel organizational structure, redefining traditional concepts of legal personality and corporate governance. The State of Wyoming (United States) has taken a pioneering role in establishing a legal framework that recognizes DAOs as legal entities, while simultaneously instituting a governance mechanism grounded in smart contracts and the principle of decentralization. On that basis, this article examines the legal status and governance structure of DAOs under Wyoming law. Furthermore, from a comparative law perspective, it proposes several orientations for improving the Vietnamese legal framework.
Vietnam - European Union Relations in the Indo-Pacific Security Architecture: Normative and Non-Traditional Security Cooperation
This article examines security cooperation between Vietnam and the European Union (EU) within the evolving Indo-Pacific security architecture, with a particular focus on normative and non-traditional security dimensions. Drawing on liberal institutionalism and constructivism, the study argues that Vietnam - EU security relations are not structured around military alliances or hard-power balancing. Instead, they are primarily shaped by international law, shared norms, and multilateral institutional frameworks. Through an analysis of the EU’s Indo-Pacific strategy and selected mechanisms of bilateral and multilateral cooperation, the article demonstrates that collaboration between the two parties is concentrated in non-traditional security domains, including maritime governance, cybersecurity, climate security, and institutional capacity-building. These areas are advanced through rule-based and non-confrontational mechanisms rather than deterrence or military alignment. The findings indicate that Vietnam - European Union relations represent a model of normative security cooperation that aligns with Vietnam’s foreign policy principles of independence and strategic autonomy, contributes to the consolidation of a rules-based regional order, and offers broader insights into regional security governance as well as the EU’s external role in Asia.
The Nuclear Development Strategy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea during the 2022-2025 Period
North Korea’s pursuit of a nuclear development strategy during the 2022-2025 period represents one of the most critical security challenges in Northeast Asia. Given the entanglement of different interests and intensifying competition among regional stakeholders, the North Korean nuclear issue has the potential to become a primary flashpoint for a global-scale conflict. This article analyzes the main underlying factors behind Pyongyang’s persistent commitment to its nuclear and missile programs despite the state ofinternational isolation and comprehensive sanctions. The article also elucidates key objectives and core components of North Korea’s nuclear strategy within this timeframe and evaluates its outcomes and limitations. Furthermore, the article assesses the multifaceted impacts of North Korea’s nuclear advancements to the security landscape of Northeast Asia and its implications for Vietnam.
The Role of the United Nations in Maintaining World Peace and Security in the last Decades of the 20th and the Beginning of the 21st Century
Maintaining international peace and security has been the primary and most fundamental objective of the United Nations (UN) since its establishment in 1945. Against the backdrop of profound transformations in the international system from the late twentieth century to the early twenty-first century-particularly the end of the Cold War, the rise of ethnic conflicts, international terrorism, non-traditional warfare, and transnational security challenges-the role of the United Nations has become increasingly prominent, while its institutional limitations have also become more apparent. This article examines the legal foundations and institutional mechanisms through which the United Nations fulfills its mandate of maintaining international peace and security. It assesses the organization's major achievements in peacekeeping, conflict prevention, peacebuilding, and post-conflict reconstruction, while also analyzing the challenges and constraints it has encountered in responding to major international crises. Based on these findings, the article offers several observations on the future role of the United Nations and discusses the necessity of institutional reform to enhance its effectiveness in maintaining international peace and security in an increasingly complex global environment.
Enhancing the Vietnam - United States Comprehensive Partnership: Towards Balanced, Sustainable, and Mutually Beneficial Development
Since the normalization of diplomatic relations on July 12, 1995, Vietnam - U.S. relations have developed strongly and comprehensively across many fields. From former wartime adversaries, the two countries have overcome historical differences to establish a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2023. In politics and diplomacy, both sides have maintained regular high-level visits, strengthened dialogue, and expanded cooperation on regional and international issues. Economically, bilateral trade has grown remarkably, from approximately US$ 450 million in 1995 to more than US$ 155 billion in 2025, making the United States Vietnam’s largest export market. Security and defense cooperation has also become increasingly substantive, focusing on maritime security, peacekeeping, and addressing war legacies. In addition, the two countries have achieved positive results in education, science and technology, healthcare, culture, humanitarian activities, and people-to-people exchanges. The article emphasizes that mutual trust, respect, and shared interests will continue to serve as the foundation for deeper, more stable, and sustainable Vietnam - U.S. relations in the future.
The Role of Education in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States (1954-1968)
This article analyzes the role of education in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States (1954-1968), emphasizing that education functioned both as a central objective of struggle and as an instrument of social transformation. From the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954 to events such as the Little Rock Nine crisis, the movement affirmed the right of African Americans to equal educational opportunities and laid the foundation for dismantling the Jim Crow system. Education contributed to the formation of a knowledgeable and determined generation of leaders who helped reshape public awareness regarding racial injustice, while also strengthening the internal capacity of Black communities for sustainable development. Despite numerous obstacles in implementation, education proved to be an effective nonviolent instrument that, together with legal activism, promoted social reform. An important lesson drawn from this historical experience is that education must be properly positioned within movements for justice, serving as a means to raise awareness, develop human potential, and shape a democratic, equitable, and sustainable society - not only in the United States but also in developing countries today.
Understanding the Socialist-Oriented Market Economy in Vietnam
The socialist-oriented market economy is the general economic model of Vietnam during the transition period to socialism. It was formed and developed on the basis of creatively applying Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought, and the practical experience of national reform. However, there are still many misunderstandings about the nature, characteristics, and operating mechanisms of this model. Based on clarifying the theory of the socialist-oriented market economy and identifying the nature of the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam, this article offers some directions to enhance understanding of the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam today.
Responsibilities of e-Commerce Platforms in Addressing Intellectual Property Infringements: International Experiences and Lessons for Vietnam
The rapid growth of e-commerce has intensified intellectual property infringements in the digital environment, raising critical questions about platform liability. This article argues that Vietnam’s legal framework is transitioning from a safe harbor regime to a conditional liability model but lacks clear criteria, particularly regarding the standard of “actual or constructive knowledge”. By analyzing theoretical foundations, examining Vietnam’s regulations, and comparing them with the United States and the European Union, the paper identifies key legal gaps in enforcement. It then proposes recommendations to improve the legal framework and enhance intellectual property protection in Vietnam’s e-commerce sector.
Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance: A Comparative Analysis of Governance Models in the European Union, the United States, and China, and Implications for Vietnam
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a foundational infrastructure of the digital economy, raising new challenges for public governance. Issues of accountability, transparency are growing more urgent. From the perspective of responsible AI governance, this article emphasizes core principles, including transparency, accountability, and fairness in the design and operation of AI systems. The study analyzes representative AI governance models in the European Union, the United States, and China, thereby highlighting differences in governance philosophies in the context of global technological competition. Drawing on theoretical frameworks of algorithmic governance, adaptive risk governance, and digital sovereignty, the article argues that there is no universally applicable model of responsible AI governance. Instead, each country adopts an approach that reflects its institutional structure and political priorities. By identifying three structural gaps in AI governance in Vietnam - namely unclear legal accountability, technological dependence, and limitations in data infrastructure - the paper proposes a flexible, multi-layered framework for responsible AI governance tailored to the national context.
US - China Competition in Promoting Global Artificial Intelligence Governance Norms
Currently, the United States and China are competing not only in the development and innovation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) but also in establishing the cornerstone norms of global AI governance. Driven by the need to create a favorable environment for AI development, ensure security, and build global leadership in AI governance, both the US and China have developed two distinct, even opposing, normative models of governance. Simultaneously, the US and China have pursued a policy of exporting these norms to compete with rivals through mechanisms they are members of, as well as new, exclusionary mechanisms established by both countries, and especially through AI investment projects in third countries and their AI products. Against this backdrop of competition between the two major powers, middle and small countries, including Vietnam, face both opportunities and challenges. This article will offer some implications for Vietnam in this process.
The Impacts of the Conflict Involving the US, Israel, and Iran on Supply Chain Security and Macroeconomic Status in Vietnam
The US, Israel with Iran conflict has triggered a systemic supply shock that propagates nonlinearly through Vietnam’s supply chain security via four convergent channels: energy, strategic raw materials, logistics, and financial-exchange rate dynamics. The blockade of the Strait of Hormuz has disrupted critical inputs lacking viable substitutes in high-technology production. These shock channels interact through nonlinear feedback mechanisms, eroding macroeconomic resilience thresholds and activating path dependency across core supply chains. The growth model predicated on FDI-oriented assembly manufacturing has reached its structural tolerance limit as macro-regulatory instruments lose effectiveness under exogenous supply pressures and institutional shocks. Consequently, macroeconomic imbalances intensify and structural vulnerabilities become increasingly pronounced. Sustaining rapid growth and long-term development requires a fundamental transition toward an endogenous autonomy model, anchored in four strategic pillars: strengthening sovereign liquidity buffers and institutional defense capacity; developing strategic energy reserves; localizing semiconductor value chains and sovereign artificial intelligence infrastructure; and consolidating circular agricultural supply chains to reduce input dependency and enhance systemic resilience.
Recommendations and Implications for Vietnam’s Foreign Policy toward 2030 in Adapting to the Strategic Adjustments of Major Powers
The Russia - Ukraine conflict since February 2022, intensifying U.S. - China strategic competition, and the strategic adjustments of major powers have brought significant changes to the global and regional balance of power. These shifts in development strategies and foreign policies of major powers have directly affected the security and cooperation environment in the Indo-Pacific and Southeast Asia. For Vietnam, a country with an important geostrategic position and a high level of international integration, these transformations create both opportunities and challenges for its foreign policy. This article analyzes the evolving strategic adjustments of major powers and assesses their key implications for Vietnam. Based on this analysis, the article proposes several policy recommendations and foreign policy implications to help Vietnam proactively adapt to changes in the international environment toward 2030, thereby safeguarding national interests and enhancing Vietnam’s position in the region and the world
The Practical Theory of Western Scholars and its Application to Rural Community Tourism Development in the Context of Digital Transformation
The practical theory has become one of the important theoretical frameworks of modern sociological research. This theory is particularly important when applied to community tourism, because the community tourism model relies not only on physical resources but also on the interaction and cooperation between social relationships within the community and tourists. Based on secondary sources, primarily in English, and using a comprehensive approach, this paper examines the potential application of the practical theory developed by Western scholars to the practical development of rural community tourism in the context of increasingly profound digital transformation
Legal Inadequacies in Board Independence and Their Impact on the Performance of Listed Companies in Vietnam
Board independence is a pivotal legal mechanism for internal power control and the enforcement of corporate accountability. Despite a refined regulatory framework, this study identifies a significant decoupling between “appearance compliance” and substantive independence in practice. Core inadequacies stem from insufficient statutory thresholds, the dominance of controlling shareholders over nomination processes, and conflicting liability principles under Articles 153 and 136 of the Law on Enterprises 2020. Consequently, independent directors face “asymmetrical risks”, fostering a “defensive consensus” mindset rather than effective oversight, particularly against a backdrop of 6.6% average earnings aggressiveness (EA) in Vietnam. By analyzing these bottlenecks and integrating the new “Beneficial Owner” regulations under Law No. 76/2025/QH15, the article proposes a synchronized suite of solutions: restructuring qualitative standards, establishing a Business Judgment Rule, and empowering direct information access to ensure substantive board independence in listed companies.
U.S. Trade Barriers under Donald Trump’s Second Administration: Structure, Operating Mechanisms, and Policy Implications
This paper examines the policy context, underlying drivers, and structural configuration of the trade barriers implemented by the United States under the second administration of Donald Trump, in a global environment increasingly shaped by strategic competition and the rising importance of economic security. Existing studies have largely focused on individual policy instruments or specific policy phases, thereby overlooking the systemic nature and coordinated operation of different policy tools. To address this gap, the paper focuses on three key dimensions: (i) the context and policy orientation; (ii) the structure and operational mechanisms of a multi-layered trade barrier system; and (iii) a preliminary assessment of policy effectiveness, from which several implications for Vietnam are derived. The findings suggest that U.S. trade policy is shifting from a fragmented, instrument-based approach toward a coordinated, multi-layered policy system. Within this framework, tariffs, non-tariff measures, industrial policy, and national security-related instruments are strategically combined to reshape trade patterns and global supply chains
The Impact of Russia - China Cooperation on Vietnam’s Multilateral Foreign Policy
Russia - China relations are being increasingly consolidated, evidenced by significant strategic declarations and substantive cooperative advancements across political, economic, and military-security domains. This cooperation not only reshapes the global power structure but also generates substantial impacts on developing countries, particularly Vietnam. As Vietnam assumes an increasingly active role in multilateral mechanisms, this paper analyzes the impact of Russia - China relations on Vietnam’s multilateral foreign policy. It proposes solutions to help Vietnam capitalize on opportunities and address challenges in the current complex geopolitical landscape. Employing qualitative analysis and empirical data from reputable sources, the authors apply the theories of balance of power and interdependence to elucidate the impacts. The findings reveal that Russia - China relations offer opportunities for Vietnam to enhance its international standing and strengthen regional cooperation, especially within the ASEAN framework. However, this relationship also poses significant challenges to strategic autonomy and the risk of energy dependence. Based on these findings, the paper proposes solutions to help Vietnam maintain foreign policy balance, safeguard national interests, and assert its central role in the regional architecture
Shaping Asia Policy of the US Administration’s under President Donald J. Trump’s Second Term: Policy Trends and Implications for Vietnam
This article analyzes the adjustments in Asia policy of the US administration under President Donald J. Trump’s second term (Trump 2.0), based on new strategic documents such as the National Security Strategy (NSS 2025) and the National Defense Strategy (NDS 2026), along with practical developments in the first year of his term. The study indicates that the Asia policy of Trump 2.0 administration is characterized by a “pragmatic rebalancing” with three prominent features: (i) prioritizing economic interests and protectionism; (ii) reducing security commitments but increasing demands for burden-sharing; and (iii) seeking a “flexible balance of power” with China. Based on this, the article forecasts the main trends in US policy toward Asia and offers policy implications for Vietnam in the context of increasing great power competition and a volatile regional order
Secret Trusts under U.K. Law: Implications for Vietnam
Trusts are a distinctive achievement of English law, recognized by the Law of Justice to supplement the shortcomings of the Common Law. A trust is a contract in which the trustee transfers ownership of property to the trustee, the trustee acting on the trustee's assignments for the benefit of the beneficiary. This institution gradually matured and derivatives of the type of trust are secret trusts. A secret trust is a trust of a testator who wants to dedicate a portion of the property or the right to benefit from the property to an entity that the testator does not wish to disclose in his will. Today, the protection of personal information is a concern in society, so it is necessary to build an institution of trusts and secret trusts - a form of protection for heirs and beneficiaries that the deceased does not want to publicize. The article researches British law on secret trusts and offers suggestions for Vietnam
Combat Power of the Vietnam People’s Army: Opportunities and Challenges in the Era of the National Rise
The combat strength of the Vietnam People’s Army plays a central role in safeguarding national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and maintaining political and social stability. In the nation’s era of ascendance, this strength becomes increasingly crucial, not only ensuring the Army’s combat readiness but also contributing to the execution of diverse tasks in this transformative period, elevating Vietnam to a new level and advancing with the times. This paper analyzes the opportunities and clarifies the challenges that the era of national ascendance presents to the combat strength of the Vietnam People’s Army today. Based on this analysis, it proposes solutions to maximize the Army’s combat capabilities in the context of the nation’s rising era
Germany’s Experience in Enhancing the Role of Science, Technology, and Innovation: A Stakeholder Perspective and Policy Implications for Vietnam Today
This article analyzes the experience of the Federal Republic of Germany in promoting the role of science, technology, and innovation in socio-economic development, approached from the perspective of participating actors and guiding value systems. By clarifying the roles of the State, enterprises, research institutes and universities, citizens, and society within Germany’s innovation ecosystem, the article identifies key characteristics such as effective coordination mechanisms, long-term investment, and a strong culture of innovation. On that basis, the study draws several valuable implications for Vietnam in improving institutional frameworks, strengthening linkages among stakeholders, and enhancing the effectiveness of science, technology, and innovation development in the current context
Legal Framwork for Artificial Intelligence in the European Union and Implications for Vietnam
The European Union Artificial Intelligence Act establishes a unified and harmonized legal framework governing the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence. The Act adopts a risk-based approach, categorizing AI systems into four levels of risk - unacceptable, high, limited, and low - focusing regulatory oversight on systems affecting fundamental rights and public interests. It also emphasizes principles such as safety, transparency, human oversight, and accountability, while introducing regulatory sandbox mechanisms. However, the Act has sparked debates regarding compliance costs and its potential impact on innovation. This paper provides implications for Vietnam in developing its AI legal framework
Challenges Facing BRICS in the Quest for a Cooperative Paradigm
BRICS/BRICS+ has emerged as a cooperative platform for emerging economies aimed at addressing imbalances in the international economic and political order established after the Bretton Woods Conference. However, rather than evolving into a deeply institutionalized structure capable of replacing institutions such as the IMF or World Bank, BRICS+ is developing as a flexible coordination platform within an increasingly fragmented global order. The article demonstrates that the limitations of BRICS+ stem not only from internal power asymmetries, divergent interests, and a soft institutional design, but also from strategic adjustments by the United States and Western countries. Strategies such as controlled reforms of the Bretton Woods system, safeguarding the role of the USD, de-risking, and infrastructure competition have constrained BRICS+’s scope for institutionalization
The Greenland Question and Great Power Competition
Recently, President Trump's statements regarding the US desire to acquire Greenland from Denmark have sparked mixed reactions from the US. Many countries in Europe and around the world have reacted differently, potentially leading to conflict and instability in Europe and NATO. Based on an analysis of Greenland's geopolitical position, the US perspective, and the reactions of major powers on the Greenland issue, this article offers some observations on the current global situation.
A New US Approach to Post-Bashar al-Assad Syria
The fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime ushered in a period of political transition in Syria, reshaping not only domestic governance but also the geopolitical calculations of key parties involved in the proxy conflict. The U.S. reversed its more than 65-year strategy of hostility toward Syria by lifting sanctions and welcoming interim Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa to Washington. The U.S. decided to cease support for the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), moving toward a centralized Syrian state under al-Sharaa’s leadership. The article argues that the Trump administration's shift in approach was a broader effort to stabilize Syria, marking the beginning of a new chapter in U.S. - Syrian relations.
Enhancing the Role of Self-Criticism and Criticism in Party Building in the Context of Vietnam’s Reform and Development
In the context of Vietnam’s ongoing reform and development process, Party building and rectification play a crucial role in strengthening the leadership capacity and combativeness of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). This article analyzes the role of self-criticism and criticism within Party cells in Party building work in the context of Vietnam’s accelerated reform and international integration. Based on the review of CPV’s theoretical documents and employing qualitative research methods such as analysis, synthesis and practical assessment, the study examines the current situation of self-criticism and criticism practices within Party cells, identifying key limitations and underlying causes. The paper then proposes several solutions to improve the quality of self-criticism and criticism activities in Party cells, thereby contributing to building a clean and strong Party organization that meets the requirements of effectively leading Vietnam’s sustainable reform and development in the new stage.
U.S. - China Competition over Rare Earth Resources: Opportunities and Implications for Vietnam
Amid increasingly intense U.S. - China strategic competition, rare earth elements have emerged as an important arena of competition, reshaping the balance of power and the structure of global supply chains. This article analyzes the role of rare earths in U.S. - China competition by examining China’s dominance in the rare earth value chain, the United States’ efforts to reduce dependence and restructure supply chains, as well as the geopolitical implications arising from these developments. On this basis, the study evaluates Vietnam’s potential participation in global rare earth supply chains while identifying existing constraints related to technology, infrastructure, and governance capacity. Through a comparative analysis of cooperation options with China and with the United States and its partners, the article argues that Vietnam faces both opportunities to enhance its economic and technological position and risks of dependency and geopolitical pressure. The article therefore proposes Vietnam should pursue a balanced and flexible approach to promote international cooperation, develop domestic processing capacity, and move toward higher value-added segments of the supply chain, thereby maximizing development benefits while maintaining strategic autonomy.
From “Strategic Autonomy” to the France - India Strategic Partnership: A Comparative Analysis and Impact Assessment
In contemporary international relations, few countries with such varied development levels, histories, strategic cultures, and geographical regions share as much strategic thinking as France and India. Both countries share the view of maintaining strategic autonomy, which refers to the ability to make independent decisions in foreign policy without external pressure, particularly from major powers. While the concept of “strategic autonomy” is interpreted differently in the Western and Eastern contexts, France and India have many similarities and points of convergence. France's motto of “ally but not aligned”, closely aligns with ndia's perspective of “building partnerships, not alliances, and the right to take independent stances.” This shared approach a crucial foundation for the development of the France - India Strategic Partnership over the past several decades. However, differences in how each country implements the principle of strategic autonomy have resulted in the Franco-Indian relationship being viewed as a model that reflects the convergence of Eastern and Western values. This relationship is framed around concepts of “strategic partnership” and “autonomous partnership”.
Evaluating Tariff Policies: A Review of Donald Trump’s First Year in his Second Presidency
In April 2025, shortly after beginning his second term, President Donald Trump announced the 2.0 tariff policy - a trade initiative building upon and strengthening his first term’s approach. The policy’s primary goals were to prioritize domestic manufacturing, reduce the trade deficit, and increase negotiation pressure on global partners. This policy quickly reshaped the global trade landscape, creating far-reaching impacts on partner economies.
Implications of the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive for Vietnam's Textile and Garment Value Vhain: Challenges and Adaptation Parthways for CMT Manufacturers
As the European Union’s Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) evolves beyond an internal regulation into a new global standard for value chain governance, Vietnamese textile and garment enterprises - particularly those operating under the Cut - Make - Trim (CMT) model, face increasing sustainability pressures. Using a desk-based research approach grounded in systematically reviewed secondary sources, including strategic reports from the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) and international organizations, combined with behavioral data analysis from digital platforms, this study examines the level of awareness and readiness of these enterprises in responding to environmental and social responsibility requirements. The findings indicate that most firms remain reactive, constrained by limited data governance capacity and asymmetric relationships with international buyers. The study proposes policy and managerial implications to promote a dual transformation, digital and green, aimed at supporting firms in upgrading their positions within global value chains.