Technology, perceived accessibility and transport construction planning in Hanoi: A three-layer analytical framework

Abstract

This paper proposes a three-layer analytical framework explaining the mechanism through which user-oriented technology affects public transport use behaviour and acceptance of transport infrastructure planning, with perceived accessibility (PAC) as the primary mediator. Drawing on the persistent gap between infrastructure investment and public transport ridership in Hanoi, the paper identifies three research gaps: The absence of an integrated framework linking technology and PAC in a testable structural model; the lack of empirical evidence in developing Asian cities and the absence of a systematic feedback loop from user perceptions to transport construction planning. The framework comprises layer 1 (user-oriented technology constructs TECH1-8 as independent variables), layer 2 (PAC1-5 as the primary mediator) and layer 3 (behavioural outcomes, planning acceptance and a two-channel planning feedback loop). The framework is designed for multi-group SEM validation across metro, e-ticketing bus and paper-ticketing bus users in Hanoi, supporting analysis of the mediating role of perceived accessibility and the diagnostic value of multi-group feedback in urban transport construction planning.