OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR CONTROLLER TUNING IN MULTI-AREA LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL: A REVIEW

Tóm tắt

Load frequency control (LFC) is an essential secondary control task in interconnected power systems, ensuring frequency recovery and scheduled tie-line power exchange after disturbances. In modern multi-area systems, controller tuning has become more difficult due to delays, uncertainties, nonlinear constraints, low inertia, and renewable energy variability. This paper reviews optimization methods for tuning LFC controllers in delayed and renewable-integrated systems. Thirty representative studies are classified and compared through summary tables. The review shows that PSO, GWO, differential evolution, and hybrid methods are the most widely used approaches, while delay-aware and renewable-aware scenario-based tuning is emerging as the most promising direction for future LFC research.