Sustainable biosensing for water security: A review of technologies for heavy metal detection in wastewater

Abstract

    The principal findings indicate that biosensor technology has advanced significantly, achieving high sensitivity for detecting key heavy metals. The development of eco-biosensors using biodegradable components aligns with SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by minimizing waste. These technologies also support SDG 13 (Climate Action) by reducing the energy consumption of traditional analyses and contribute to protecting ecosystems as targeted by SDG 14 (Life Below Wate) and SDG 15 (Life on Land). In conclusion, biosensors offer a transformative approach to environmental monitoring that directly supports the broader goals of sustainable development. Although challenges in mass production, long-term stability, and regulatory validation persist, overcoming these hurdles will enable the widespread deployment of biosensor systems as a critical tool for achieving global clean water and sustainability goals.