Optimization of synthesis conditions of NiFe2O4@AC from Bidens pilosa using response surface methodology for crystal violet dye adsorption
Abstract
Bidens pilosa is a harmful invasive species that competes fiercely with crops, yet thanks to its vigorous growth, it also provides an abundant natural biomass source. This study focused on the synthesis of a magnetic nanocomposite, NiFe2O4@AC derived from B. pilosa biomass for the removal of Crystal Violet dye. Using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the synthesis conditions were successfully optimized. The predictive model identified the optimal parameters for maximum adsorption capacity as: 28.82 % NFO loading, 122.89 °C temperature, and 11.88 hours reaction time. Under these conditions, the optimized NiFe2O4@AC exhibited excellent dye removal efficiency, with an experimental adsorption capacity of 96.87 mg/g, confirming its potential for wastewater treatment.
