EFFECT OF EXTRACTION METHOD ON THE RECOVERY EFFICIENCY OF POLYPHENOL COMPOUNDS FROM Muntingia calabura L. LEAVES

Abstract

This research presents the results of recovering polyphenolic compounds from the waste and by-product material of Muntingia calabura L. leaves using extraction methods like maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction. In the maceration method, several factors were studied: solvent type (ethanol, methanol, water); solid-liquid ratios (1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40); and extraction times (3; 5; 7; 9; 11 hours). This method achieved a total polyphenol content of 32.24 mgGAE/g. Using ultrasound-assisted extraction, the following factors were examined: ultrasound power (100; 200; 300 W); solid-liquid ratios (1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40); and times (3; 5; 10; 30; 50 minutes). This method yielded a total polyphenol content of 38.265 mgGAE/g. Additionally, response surface methodology with a central composite design (RSM-BBD) was applied to optimize the polyphenol extraction process from M. calabura leaves. The model was designed with 15 experiments, including 3 central points, using ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction with 3 factors: enzyme concentration (0.5; 1; 2; 2.5; 3%), pH activation (4, 5, 6), and temperature activation (30, 40, 50, 60, 70°C). The ANOVA analysis results showed a high value of R² and p < 0,0001 indicating the model's statistical significance, leading to a total polyphenol content of 74,0125 mgGAE/g. The FTIR spectrum of the M. calabura leaf extracts indicated the presence of functional groups characteristic of polyphenolic compounds, including aromatic alcohols (-OH), alkenes (-CH), esters (-C=O), amino acids (C=C), and alcohols and ethers (C-C).