The Mạc Dynasty and Its Efforts in Social Stabilization and Economic Development

Abstract

The Mạc Dynasty (1527–1592) emerged in the context of severe crisis in Đại Việt. During the first twenty years, under the reigns of Mạc Đăng Dung, Mạc Đăng Doanh, and Mạc Phúc Hải, the Mạc court implemented various measures to stabilize society and develop the economy. The government strengthened the army through the “lộc điền” land-grant system, carried out land reforms, expanded reclamation, improved irrigation, and encouraged commerce, thereby creating favorable conditions for handicrafts, especially ceramics, to flourish. In cultural and social terms, the Mạc Dynasty pursued a policy of religious tolerance and a revival of the arts. Despite facing the Lê–Mạc civil war and pressure from the Ming, the dynasty was still able to maintain stability in its first two decades. Although unable to achieve long-term unification, the Mạc reforms left an important imprint on the historical development of medieval Đại Việt.