Industrial policy in the green transition era: Development and implementation experiences from East and Southeast Asia

Tóm tắt

This study analyzes the design and implementation of industrial policy in selected developed and developing economies to inform strategies for structural transformation in the global green transition. Using secondary data, it compares policy trajectories in Japan, Singapore, and South Korea with those in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Viet Nam. The findings show that advanced economies employ mission-oriented policies to secure technological leadership, supply-chain resilience, and green competitiveness, supported by strong institutions, coordinated R&D, and targeted financing. Developing economies, operating under tighter fiscal and administrative constraints, use industrial policy as an upgrading pathway, shifting from import substitution to export orientation while increasingly integrating low-carbon development. The study argues that effective industrial policy requires clear priorities, coherent regulatory and financial instruments, public–private collaboration, and performance-based discipline. It recommends selective and time-bound support tied to measurable results, strengthened supplier upgrading and export readiness programs, co-financing for skills and innovation, and improved evaluation mechanisms to reallocate resources toward high-impact interventions.

Keywords: Industrial policy, structural transformation, green transition