Teineigo and bikago in Japanese honorifics: A comparative perspective with Vietnamese

Abstract

This article discusses Teineigo (丁寧語 - Polite language) and Bikago (美化語 - Beautification language) within the system of Keigo ( 敬語 - honorifics) in the Japanese language. These aspects of Keigo remain relatively under-explored and under-researched in Vietnam. To clarify the functions of these honorific forms, the article first outlines two predominant perspectives on the classification of Keigo in general, with a specific focus onTeineigo and Bikago. It then situates these forms within the broader framework of categories of Keigo to highlight their distinctive features. Subsequently, the article deliberates on the ambiguities and boundary issues among different types of Keigo, thereby identifying the linguistic and cultural essence of Teineigo and Bikago. Finally, it provides several key notes on the linguistic and cultural rules to be observed when using Teineigo and Bikago in Japanese communication.