Transformation of Cross-Border Ethnic Relations in Ha Giang Province Under the Impact of the Vietnam–China Border Fence

Abstract

In early 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, the Chinese government, implementing its "Zero Covid" policy, began constructing a solid border fence between Vietnam and China. After more than four years, most of the secondary border gates and crossings along Ha Giang province's border remain closed to customs and trade, while trails and pathways for local people are no longer accessible. This has directly affected the lives of ethnic groups, altering relationships between those living on both sides of the Vietnam–China border. This article analyses and clarifies the impact of the border fence on cross-border ethnic relations in Ha Giang province, focusing on economic activities, social life, and cultural exchange.