Quantitative evaluation of geosites in the Lang Son UNESCO global geopark

Abstract

A quantitative evaluation of geosites in the Lang Son UNESCO Global Geopark (Vietnam) is urgently needed to provide objective evidence for conservation prioritization and sustainable geotourism planning. This study aims to quantitatively assess the geotourism value of 19 selected geoheritage sites within the Lang Son UNESCO Global Geopark. By integrating secondary data, spatial distribution analysis, and primary data collected through expert interviews and field surveys conducted within the geopark, the research applies the Geosite Assessment Model (GAM). The model is structured as a 9-field matrix, allowing the classification of geosites according to appropriate development orientations based on two main groups of values: (1) Main Values (maximum 12 points), including scientific/educational value (VSE), aesthetic/landscape value (VSA), and protection level (VPr); and (2) Additional Values (maximum 15 points), including functional value (VFn) and touristic value (VTr). The results indicate that the Main Values (VSE + VSA + VPr) of the evaluated geosites are relatively uniform (average ≈ 8.0 points), while the Additional Values (VFn + VTr) exhibit a wider variation (3.75÷13.75 points), which plays a decisive role in distinguishing between the Z33, Z32, and Z21 groups. This demonstrates that, beyond their inherent geological and scientific significance, factors such as infrastructure, promotional activities, and community-based tourism management are crucial in enhancing the overall value of geosites within the context of sustainable geotourism development. The GAM results not only help identify the geosites that should be prioritized for conservation and development (Z33, Z32) but also highlight the groups requiring functional and touristic enhancement (Z23, Z22, Z21). These findings provide a scientific foundation for local authorities and tourism enterprises to design more effective strategies for the sustainable utilization of geoheritage resources within the Lang Son UNESCO Global Geopark, thereby contributing to the socio-economic development of Lang Son Province.