Factors affecting the integration of urban rail transit with other public transport modes in Hanoi

Abstract

In the context of rapid urbanization and the urgent need to mitigate traffic congestion and environmental pollution, achieving effective integration between urban rail systems and other modes of public transportation in Hanoi poses significant challenges. Although metro lines are gradually being developed, the level of integration with other transport modes such as buses, ride-hailing services, and traditional taxis remains limited. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the connectivity between urban rail and other forms of public transport, with a particular focus on station location and design, waiting time, service quality, and the advancement of supporting technologies. The analysis reveals that travel time is the most influential factor affecting connectivity, followed by fare policy, service quality, technological progress, schedule flexibility, and network coverage. Based on these findings, the study proposes a set of recommendations to optimize travel time, develop appropriate fare policies, improve service quality, and apply supportive technologies—ultimately contributing to a more sustainable transportation system in Hanoi.