The Self-Strengthening Movement in China (1861 - 1895): Some explanations for its failure

Abstract

The Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) was a reform effort in China, undertaken in the context of the country facing threats from Western imperialist powers. However, following the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), the Self-Strengthening Movement ultimately collapsed. This study aims to analyze the causes of the movement's failure. The research employs a historical and political analysis method, combined with social reform theory to clarify the cause of the movement’s failure. The study identifies five main causes of the movement’s failure: (1) obstruction by imperialist powers; (2) limited leadership capacity; (3) a half-hearted reform ideology; (4) opposition from conservative factions; and (5) reform objectives that were incompatible with the trends of the era. The conclusion indicates that half-hearted reforms within the framework of the feudal system cannot lead to profound changes. Moreover, the adoption of technology must be linked to institutional reforms, the building of social consensus, and the promotion of self-reliance. Finally, reforms must align with contemporary trends and the goals of sustainable development.