Thailand Buddhism from traditional to modernity: The role of Buddhist Sangha in social reforms under Rama IV and Rama V

Abstract

The paper analyzes the role of the Buddhist Sangha in the process of social reform and modernization of Thailand under Rama IV and Rama V. Facing Western colonial pressure, Buddhism was not only the subject of reform but also became an important social instrument that reinforced royal authority and safeguarded national identity. Rama IV, with 27 years of monastic life, founded the Dhammayutika Nikaya to standardize the Vinaya, enhance scholarship, and eliminate superstition, thereby shaping a disciplined Sangha capable of adapting to reform requirements. Building on this foundation, Rama V promulgated the Sangha Act of 1902, placing the Sangha under state administration, developing Buddhist education, and promoting the use of Thai and Pali scripts, which contributed to raising public literacy. As a result, the Sangha both preserved traditional values and accompanied the state in social reforms, becoming a soft power force that supported modernization and the defense of national independence.