Overview of the application of technology in acupuncture education

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of advanced technologies (VR, AR, AI) and evaluate their effectiveness in improving spatial anatomical knowledge and safe acupuncture practice skills, addressing the limitations of traditional 2D training methods.
   Methods: A narrative review of representative studies published between 2012 and 2025 was conducted using the Web of Science and PubMed databases. Eligible publications included original research articles, pilot technological development studies, and review papers addressing VR, AR, or AI in acupuncture education. Selected studies were analyzed qualitatively to identify technological approaches, reported educational outcomes, and limitations.
   Results: Immersive VR systems integrating medical imaging data enable three-dimensional visualization of internal anatomical structures and simulated needle depth. Pilot evaluations reported improved spatial anatomical understanding and enhanced procedural accuracy. Mobile AR applications such as FaceAtlasAR support real-time facial acupoint localization with stable tracking performance. AI-based tools demonstrate educational potential; however, current evidence indicates limited clinical reliability. Most studies were preliminary and focused on feasibility and short-term outcomes.
   Conclusion: Technology shows the potential to improve students’ knowledge of spatial anatomy and safe practice skills. In particular, VR and AR may support anatomical visualization and safety awareness in training contexts, particularly in improving anatomical visualization and safety awareness. Gradual, context-appropriate implementation combined with strengthened foundational anatomy training may provide a sustainable integration pathway.

DOI: 10.59715/pntjmp.5.2.3